Classical fractons with cosmological fixed points

Abstract

Classical fractons are Hamiltonian systems that can develop attractors after projection onto configuration or shape variables, although the full phase space admits none. We study a scale-invariant, dipole-conserving two-parameter family of fracton Hamiltonians $H_{\alpha ,\beta }$. By separating coordinates into scale and shape, we obtain autonomous shape dynamics that admit fixed points which leave a purely scale evolution of the form $R(t)\propto |t{|}^{\alpha /(\alpha -\beta )}$. The shape fixed points, which determine the distribution of the expanding particles, are central configurations of power-law Riesz potentials. The distinguished model $(\alpha ,\beta )=(-2,1)$ is unique: its scale evolution takes the Einstein-de Sitter form $R(t)\propto |t{|}^{2/3}$, its fixed-point equation is the equal-mass Newtonian central-configuration, its large-$N$ distribution is a homogeneous ball, and its homothetic trajectories admit a zero-energy Newtonian gravitational dual. The fixed points are locally stable, and simulations at moderate $N$ approach them from random initial data. Large $N$ simulations reveal a richer class of fixed-points: bound clusters of approximately fixed physical size retain internal motion, while their centers approach unequal-mass Newtonian central configurations and preserve large-scale homogeneity. A scale-separation conjecture yields an effective unequal-mass fracton dynamics for the centers and a corresponding zero-energy Newtonian gravitational dual. Trajectories generically exhibit a bidirectional arrow of time: scale and shape complexity grow away from a Janus point, while Boltzmann entropy grows logarithmically. Together, these features reproduce the salient structure of a flat matter-dominated cosmology. In the distinguished fracton model, all these cosmological analogues emerge as attractor properties, making it a toy model for cosmological dynamics without fine-tuning.

64 pages, 10 figures