Phosphorous in the moderately metal-poor bulge globular clusters NGC 6539 and NGC 6569

Abstract

The distinct stellar populations of the Galactic bulge can be disentangled through detailed analysis of their chemical abundances and kinematical properties. Recent studies have suggested that globular clusters located in the Galactic bulge with metallicities around $[Fe/H]\approx -0.7$, may represent some of the oldest systems in the Milky Way, potentially tracing the early spheroidal bulge. The coincidence of a metallicity peak at $[Fe/H]\approx -0.7$ in both field stars and globular clusters, together with the presence of phosphorus-rich (P-rich) stars, may provide important clues to the nature of the first generations of stars formed in the Galaxy. In this work, we investigate the odd-Z elements Na, Al and particularly P in the bulge globular clusters NGC~6539 ($[Fe/H]\sim -0.75$) and NGC~6569 ($[Fe/H]\sim -0.85$) using APOGEE spectra. We also examine the clusters Tonantzintla-1 and NGC~6316, which exhibit evidence of phosphorus enhancement. Our analysis confirms that NGC~6539 is a cluster of interest, with one clearly P-rich star, whereas NGC~6569 shows a lower level of P-enhancement. This again suggests that there might have been an early bulge building block with the metallicity of $[Fe/H]\sim -0.75$, of which NGC~6539 would be part of. The observed abundance patterns indicate that the production of Na and Al is consistent with nucleosynthesis in massive stars. However, the origin of the phosphorus enrichment remains uncertain, suggesting that additional nucleosynthetic channels may be required to explain the observed abundances. These findings provide new constraints on the chemical evolution of the Galactic bulge and the nature of its earliest stellar populations.

28 pages, 8 figures