Constraints on the logarithmic luminosity-distance relation from Pantheon+ and DES-SN5YR Type Ia supernova data with progenitor age-bias correction

Abstract

Type Ia supernovae provide one of the principal observational probes of late-time cosmic acceleration. Recently, Son et al. [MNRAS 544, 975 (2025)] proposed that correlations between SNe Ia luminosity and progenitor age could introduce a systematic bias in the inferred luminosities, leading to revised distance moduli in the Pantheon+ and DES-SN5YR compilations. Motivated by this possibility, we investigate whether the age-bias-corrected SNe Ia Hubble diagrams are consistent with the luminosity-distance relation $d_L=c/H_0\,(1+z)\ln(1+z)$. We find that this one-parameter logarithmic relation provides a high-quality description of both datasets, with the Hubble constant $H_0$ as its sole free parameter. For Pantheon+ and DES separately, the relation yields lower $χ^2$ values than the two-parameter flat $Λ$CDM, with $Δχ^2=12.0$ and $2.1$, respectively. A joint likelihood analysis of both datasets yields $Δχ^2=17.1$, corresponding to $(Δ\text{AIC},Δ\text{BIC})=(19.1,25.2)$ in favor of the logarithmic relation. We further find that, after the age-bias correction, neither dataset requires higher-order corrections to the relation, whereas the Einstein-de Sitter cosmology is firmly rejected. These results indicate that the closed-form relation $d_L=c/H_0\,(1+z)\ln(1+z)$ provides a viable one-parameter description of age-bias-corrected SNe Ia Hubble diagrams. Its asymptotic behavior $d_L\propto z\,\ln z$ naturally accounts for the excess distance moduli observed at high redshift. Should the progenitor age-bias correction be confirmed, the logarithmic relation can be further tested using larger samples of SNe Ia within $1\lesssim z\lesssim2$, where it already departs markedly from flat $Λ$CDM.

8 pages, 4 figures