A Group-Theoretical Framework for Local k-Space Topology and Berry Phase in 2D Photonic Systems

Abstract

Two-dimensional photonic crystals (2D PhCs) enable fine-grained control over a broad set of Bloch modes without the constraints of band occupancy and natural crystal structures, and, as intrinsically open systems, serve as versatile platforms for exploring diverse topological phenomena. Here, we develop a theoretical framework inspired by the irreducible-representation formalism in solid-state physics, while explicitly incorporating key characteristics of photonic Bloch systems, such as radiative coupling and transverse condition. Within this framework, we study the symmetry origins of local k-space topology, e.g., bound-states in the continuum and optical vortex beams, and Berry phase in two representative systems. We further analyze, from a group-theory perspective, how tailored structural designs and targeted symmetry perturbations can be exploited to manipulate these topological features. In particular, we showcase the application of the formalism to Bloch modes from distinct truncation approaches and specify the preferable regimes for each, both under a generic $n$-band configuration. The analysis can thereby be readily extended to a wide range of artificial wave crystals beyond scalar Schrödinger-like operators and two-level treatment.