Emergence of Propagating Exciton-Polaritons in Hybrid Waveguide-van der Waals Heterostructures

Abstract

Integrating few-layer materials into photonic circuits is a promising concept for novel on-chip photonic applications. We incorporate transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with femtosecond-laser-written surface waveguides, which are embedded in fused silica chips. Our novel low-temperature optical spectroscopy setup enables coupling to the waveguide and simultaneous focus from the top to the TMD layer for a distinct excitation and collection of micro-photoluminescence ($\mu$PL) signals in several measurement geometries. Along these lines, we observe spectral changes of the A exciton for encapsulated TMD monolayers when capturing the $\mu$PL signal propagating through the waveguide. Depending on the thickness of the encapsulation with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), these changes manifest as energetic redshifts of the A exciton, or even a splitting of the A exciton into two components. We attribute this behavior to strong coupling of the waveguide mode and the exciton in the sample, giving rise to the formation of propagating exciton-polaritons. Our interpretation is supported by calculations for a simplified model of a slab waveguide in the vicinity of an exciton by using the transfer matrix method. Having proven to be a highly adaptable framework for the study of propagating polaritons, our experimental platform likewise holds great promise for harnessing the unique properties of exciton-polaristons in integrated photonic circuits.