General Relativistic Entropic Acceleration at the perturbation level: a CLASS implementation and first Boltzmann-code constraints

Abstract

General Relativistic Entropic Acceleration (GREA) attributes the late-time acceleration of the Universe to the entropy growth of the causal cosmological horizon, without a cosmological constant, with a phenomenology fixed by the single $\mathcal{O}(1)$ parameter $\hat{I}\pm$. The model has so far been confronted with data only at the background level. We present its first implementation within an Einstein-Boltzmann solver: the GREA background is integrated directly into CLASS, while the entropic component is evolved as an effective fluid regulated by the parametrized-post-Friedmann scheme, giving access to the full CMB and matter power spectra. A Markov-chain Monte Carlo analysis with COBAYA against the full primary-CMB likelihoods, DESI DR2 BAO and Type Ia supernovae constrains the coupling $\hat{I}\pm \sim 1$, in excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction, with a fit matching $\hat{I}›$CDM to within $|\hat{I}”\ddot{I}{‡}^2|\lesssim 6$ despite the addition of a single free parameter. The equation of state inferred from the data agrees with binned, model-independent reconstructions and exhibits a second crossing of the phantom divide at $z\simeq 2$, a distinctive prediction of the thermodynamic dynamics rather than of an imposed parametrization.

21 pages, 15 figures