Reciprocal theorem for ion-releasing colloidal particles
arXiv:2607.25385
The paper extends the reciprocal theorem to describe how ion‑releasing catalytic colloids move in electrolyte solutions, showing that a secondary ion cloud (excess charge) adds an extra term to their propulsion speed under electric fields.
Abstract
We describe a generalization of the reciprocal theorem for particles suspended in electrolyte solutions and subjected to an electric field that could be either applied or emerged spontaneously. Attention is focused on catalytic colloids that release ions. The power of the generalization is to capture the effect of formation of a secondary cloud around a catalytic particle, which is equivalent to accounting for an excess charge of a system. Our results show that the propulsion speed of catalytic particles has an extra contribution proportional to and an external field . The derived equation for reveals that its sign is defined by the difference in the ion diffusivity and the magnitude is controlled by the average flux of ions from the surface. We demonstrate the application of the generalized theorem to electro- and diffusiophoresis of homogeneously releasing ions passive particles, as well as to a self-propulsion of inhomogeneous active particles (microswimmers). It is shown that whilst in some situations the extra term in the reciprocal theorem vanishes or has a little effect on the particle mobility, in many others it may dramatically change its magnitude, and even sign. In addition, the relevance of our results for microswimmer interactions is discussed briefly.
10 pages, 3 figures