Optimal bounds for the ratio of differences of quadratic, arithmetic, and harmonic means

Abstract

We determine the optimal constants in inequalities comparing the differences of the quadratic, arithmetic, and harmonic means of $n$ nonnegative real numbers. Specifically, we prove that for $n\ge 3$ the sharp double inequality \[ \frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\le \frac{A_n-H_n}{Q_n-H_n}\le \sqrt{\frac{n-1}{n}} \] holds true. This extends earlier results by T. Mitev, which established the sharp bounds only for the cases $n=3,4,$ and $5$. Our approach is based on a variant of the classical optimization method of Cauchy and Maclaurin, in which a quadratic symmetric function is optimized under simultaneous constraints on the arithmetic and harmonic means.

10 pages, 2 figures