Outflows in the Early Universe: Neutral gas Absorption in Galaxies at z > 3 from low-resolution JWST Spectroscopy

Abstract

Recent JWST/NIRSpec observations have shown that Na I D absorption tracing neutral gas outflows is widespread in massive galaxies at Cosmic Noon ($z\sim 2$-$3$), but their prevalence at higher redshift remains largely unexplored. Here we investigate whether similar outflows are already in place during the first 2 Gyr of cosmic history ($z>3$), using a sample of 811 galaxies at $3<z<7$ from the public DAWN JWST Archive and the Mirage or Miracle survey, with secure spectroscopic redshifts and continuum SNR$>5$ in their JWST/NIRSpec PRISM low-resolution spectra ($R\sim 100$). We derived physical properties and star formation histories via Prospector SED fitting and isolated the Na I D feature in each spectrum by subtracting the best-fit stellar continuum. We detect an excess of Na I D absorption in 20 galaxies, almost all at $3<z<5$ with stellar mass $>10^{10}{M}_{\odot }$, an overall detection fraction of $\sim 2.5\%$. The detection fraction rises steeply with stellar mass and quiescence, reaching $\sim 11\%$ among the most massive galaxies and $\sim 43\%$ among massive quenched systems. The Na I D equivalent widths are large, spanning 4 to 16 Angstrom, and are highest in dusty star-forming galaxies. In previous medium-resolution observations, EWs above 5 Angstrom were mostly found in outflowing gas; we thus interpret our detections as mostly tracing neutral outflows, despite the lack of kinematic information at PRISM resolution. A stacking analysis confirms these trends and provides average Na I D EWs for different subsamples. Under conservative assumptions, we estimate mass outflow rates of 4 to 12 $M_{\odot }$ yr${}^{-1}$, exceeding the current star formation rate for about 30% of the detected galaxies. We conclude that neutral outflows are likely already present and important in massive galaxies during the first 2 Gyr of cosmic history.

16 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables