RNDR noise modeling in first-generation Single electron Sensitive Readout (SiSeRO) devices

Abstract

Flagship observatories require single-photon detectors with ultra-fast readout, sub-electron noise performance, and scalable large-format architectures. The X-ray Astronomy and Observational Cosmology group at Stanford, in collaboration with the MIT Kavli Institute and MIT Lincoln Laboratory, is developing readout technologies for next-generation detectors. Prototypes employing Single-electron Sensitive Readout (SiSeRO) amplifiers demonstrate excellent read noise and spectral performance using repetitive non-destructive readout (RNDR), achieving 0.5 e${}^{-}$ noise in under 57 cycles. We have modeled noise for longer RNDR cycles, exploring probabilistic mechanisms such as thermal leakage and impact ionization. Here we present our model results, including statistical limits on dark current-like signals. Maturation of SiSeRO technology will improve detector performance at soft X-ray energies, addressing technology gaps for future X-ray and UV/visible/near-IR observatories.

To appear in SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2026 proceedings. 10 pages, 8 figures