Ultraviolet direct absorption microscopy for single particle protein/nucleic acid quantification
arXiv:2607.14780
The paper introduces ultraviolet direct absorption microscopy (UV‑DAM), a label‑free imaging technique that uses deep‑UV illumination to measure protein and nucleic acid content of individual nanoparticles, enabling distinction between empty and DNA‑filled viral capsids.
Abstract
Bio-nanoparticles are pivotal to next generation nanotherapeutics, but providing single-particle biomolecular characterization remains a crucial challenge. Herein we present ultra-violet direct absorption microscopy (UV-DAM) to tackle this challenge. UV-DAM is based on a tailored illumination scheme for absorption-only imaging, combined with a custom deep UV light source. Combined, they provide biomolecular specificity with single particle sensitivity. As such, UV-DAM provides rapid, label-free, high resolution, biochemical imaging. Enabled by these capabilities, we implement the classic nucleic acid:protein absorption assay at the single virus level where we demonstrate UV-DAM's ability to distinguish empty from DNA-loaded viral capsids based on bimolecularly specific absorption fingerprints. UV-DAM presents the translation from bulk UV-visible spectrometry to single-particle assessment, a crucial advancement for nanomedicine characterization where particle loading efficiencies are often heterogenous. Beyond this, UV-DAM is applicable to a wide range of nanomaterials or investigation of biological process with high spatio-temporal resolution and intrinsic molecular contrast.