Geometric analysis on rhombus torus: Green function with two singularities

Abstract

Let $G(z)$ be the Green function on the flat torus $E_{\tau }=\mathbb{C}/(\mathbb{Z}+\mathbb{Z}\tau )$ with the singularity at $0$. Lin and Wang (Ann. Math. 2010) proved that $G(z)$ has at most one pair of nontrivial critical points. This is the third of a series of papers to study the sum of two Green functions which can be reduced to $G_p(z):=\frac{1}{2}(G(z+p)+G(z-p))$. We study how the geometry of the torus and the location of singularities $\pm p$ affect the structure of critical points of $G_p(z)$. In Part I \cite{CFL}, we proved that $G_p(z)$ has at most three pairs of nontrivial critical points for all tori. In Part II \cite{CFL-II} (Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 2026), we studied the important case that $E_{\tau }$ is a rectangular torus. In this paper, first we prove that if $G_p(z)$ has three pairs of nontrivial critical points, then critical points are all non-degenerate. Secondly, we study the other important but more challenging case that $E_{\tau }$ is a rhombus torus, by developing different approaches from \cite{CFL, CFL-II}. As applications, we show that the curvature equation $\Delta u+e^u=4\pi ({\delta }_p+{\delta }_{-p})$ on $E_{\tau }$ has exactly either $0$, $1$ or $2$ even axisymmetric solutions and each number really occurs.

52 pages

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