Ancilla-Depth Phase Diagrams for Quantum Reference-Frame Comparison

Abstract

Comparing two noisy quantum reference frames as statistical experiments depends on the dimension of the ancillary memory available to the decision procedure. For finite-dimensional channels A and B with invertible A, we show that exact simulation of all measurements assisted by an r-dimensional ancilla is equivalent to r-positivity of the unique factor Gamma = BA^{-1}. The hierarchy can be realized by physical channel pairs: every unital, trace-preserving map that is k-positive but not (k+1)-positive embeds as the factor between the channels D_a and Gamma composed with D_a on an exact interval determined by the smallest Choi eigenvalue. For depolarizing source and target channels D_a and D_b, including negative and singular source parameters, the phase boundary is ${\mathcal{D}}_a{⪰}_r{\mathcal{D}}_b⟺-1/(dr-1)\le b/a\le 1$ for $a\ne 0$. We derive closed formulas for the restricted level-r deficiency and for the distance to every physical post-processing, ${\delta }_{\mathrm{phys}}({\mathcal{D}}_b\mid {\mathcal{D}}_a)=(1-1/d^2)\mathrm{dist}(b,I_a)$, where $I_a=\mathrm{conv}\{a,-a/(d^2-1)\}$. The largest physical conversion cost hidden from all tests through level k is $(d-k)/[d(d^2-1)]$. An untouched m-level spectator changes the first detecting external level from k+1 to $\lfloor k/m\rfloor +1$. A transpose--depolarizing construction shows that the separation is not confined to depolarizing factors. The results quantify the distinction between ancilla-restricted statistical simulation and implementation by a single quantum channel.

12 pages, 3 figures; includes ancillary verification code and a deterministic regression certificate

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