Modeling the Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks: Two Pathways from Gravitational Instability to MHD Wind-Driven Accretion

Abstract

The global evolution of protoplanetary disks sets the initial conditions for planet formation. However, most models focus on individual evolutionary phases, with idealized initial conditions and oversimplified prescriptions for angular momentum transport and thermodynamics. We present a more realistic semi-two-dimensional ($1+1$D) model incorporating gravitational instability (GI), magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) winds, magneto-rotational instability (MRI), stellar irradiation, self-shadowing, and radiation transport. The radial distribution of large-scale magnetic flux drives two different pathways of disk evolution. When the vertical field is spatially uniform, a puffed-up, MRI-heated inner rim shadows the disk beyond it, sustaining a massive, gravitationally unstable region for $\sim 1$ Myr and, for several Myr, a compact ($\lesssim 10$ AU), cold ($\sim 10$ K), low-turbulence ($\hat{I}{\pm }_{\mathrm{SS}}\sim 10^{-4}$), high-density ($\hat{I}\pounds \gtrsim 300\mathrm{g}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$), optically thick reservoir, so that the disk mass inferred from mm-continuum emission can be greatly underestimated. When the field instead scales with midplane gas pressure, it drives stronger transport in the inner disk and eventually strips the shadow, leaving an extended, flared disk whose observable mass closely traces the true mass. Our results connect GI-dominated Class~0/I disks to MHD wind-driven Class~II disks, and point to three broader conclusions: (i) disk physics is strongly inhomogeneous in space and time, so constant-$\hat{I}\pm$ treatments miss essential physics; (ii) thermodynamics plays an active role, with self-shadowing simultaneously preserving GI and weakening MHD winds; and (iii) the distribution of large-scale magnetic flux is the key uncertainty, closely linked to whether the shadow is maintained. The two pathways align, respectively, with observations of compact, shadowed disks and extended, irradiated disks.

22 pages, 5 figures; submitted to ApJ

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