Direct numerical simulations of turbulent drag reduction via piezoelectric actuation

Abstract

We have conducted Direct Numerical Simulations of turbulent half-channel flow over realistic surface deformations at friction Reynolds number $R{e}_{\tau }=200$. We generated the surface deformations using piezoelectric actuators. We simulated the piezoelectric actuation over the practical actuation frequency range $(119Hz\le f_{\mathrm{act}}\le 543Hz)$ and voltage range $(250V\le Q\le 500V)$ beneath an Aluminum sheet using Finite Element Analysis. The sheet deformation amplitude and actuation frequency in viscous units vary within the range $2\le {\eta }_{\max }^{+}\le 34$, and $-0.58\le {\omega }^{+}\le 0.70$. The vertical surface deformations from our actuation setup generate three types of waves: travelling, hybrid, and standing waves. Surface deformations are applied as bottom-wall boundary conditions of the turbulent channel flow to generate waves in the upstream, downstream, and spanwise directions. We achieved maximum drag reductions of 1.6\%, 5.4\%, and 27.6\% for upstream, downstream, and spanwise waves, respectively. The streamwise waves generate alternating adverse and favorable pressure gradients, which locally increase and decrease drag, leading to a marginal net change in drag. In contrast, spanwise waves introduce transverse shear, accompanied by high- and low-streamwise-momentum zones that respectively attenuate and energize the near-wall turbulence. Such disruption of the near-wall turbulence-regeneration cycle produces up to $27\%$ drag reduction for the realistic spanwise hybrid wave; such an outcome demonstrates the efficacy of unconventional realistic surface deformations in achieving significant drag reduction.