Bockstein braiding statistics

Abstract

Braiding phenomena, from the charge-flux Aharonov-Bohm effect to anyonic statistics in fractional quantum Hall systems, are paradigmatic manifestations of topology in quantum physics. Ordinary mutual braiding between $p$- and $q$-dimensional excitations occurs in $d=p+q+2$ spatial dimensions. In this work, we introduce a universal construction of mutual statistics in the adjacent dimension $d=p+q+1$, applicable to excitations obeying ${\mathbb{Z}}_N$ fusion for arbitrary $N$ and all excitation dimensions $p$ and $q$. The corresponding invariant is the Berry phase accumulated in a simple $4N$-step microscopic unitary process built from local excitation operators on lattices. This process measures the linking of one excitation with the $N$-fold fusion junction of the other, encompassing particle-particle statistics in one dimension, particle-loop statistics in two dimensions, and loop-loop or particle-membrane statistics in three dimensions. We establish the quantization and bilinearity of the invariant and show that its field-theory response is governed by the Bockstein homomorphism, motivating the name Bockstein braiding statistics. Interpreting the excitation operators as open symmetry operators turns the same invariant into a direct microscopic diagnostic of mixed anomalies between symmetries. We demonstrate this diagnostic in a (1+1)D spin chain, where the nontrivial Bockstein braiding phase proves the mixed anomaly between the spin-flip symmetry $\prod X$ and the nearest-neighbor controlled-$Z$ symmetry $\prod CZ$. We construct explicit (2+1)D and (3+1)D lattice analogs, yielding new anomalous symmetry pairs, and apply the framework to strongly coupled (3+1)D continuum gauge theories. Nontrivial Bockstein braiding rules out a fully symmetric gapped phase, obstructs simultaneous condensation of the two excitations, and implies fractionalization of higher-form symmetries.

44 pages, 8 figures. Additional examples included

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