The Geometry of Statistical Feature Learning in Mean-Field Langevin Dynamics

Abstract

We introduce a geometric formulation of statistical feature learning for supervised regression. Feature learning is defined through a base--fiber decomposition: the base is the feature-side geometry produced by training, and the fiber is the learned feature space where estimation is performed. We prove this property for spherical mean-field Langevin dynamics, viewed as the Wasserstein gradient flow of a negative entropy-regularized empirical risk. In Gaussian multi-index models, the low-temperature stationary distribution concentrates near the hidden indices, forms a multi-spike structure, and yields parameter recovery with high probability, even though negative entropy regularization penalizes concentration. This concentration has a sharp transition at temperature $\lambda \asymp 1$. In Gaussian single-index models, the stationary measure satisfies a concentration property, with parity determining whether it lives on $S_2^{d-1}$ or ${\mathbb{RP}}^{d-1}$. The induced learned feature space aligns the regression signal and yields rates $d/N$ and $Md/N$, up to logarithmic factors.