Phenomenology of Long-Lived Dark Photons and Axion-Like Particles in a Mixed Portal Framework

Abstract

We investigate the phenomenology of a dark photon \(A'\) and an axion-like particle (ALP) ,\(a\), connected through a mixed portal framework which simultaneously allows the conventional visible decay $(A^{\prime }\to f\bar{f})$ and the exotic cascade process $(A^{\prime }\to a\gamma \to 3\gamma )$. We derive the relevant decay widths, branching ratios, and Lorentz-boosted decay lengths, and introduce a dominance parameter \(D=Γ(A'\to aγ)/Γ_{\rm SM}\) to distinguish Standard Model-dominated and cascade-dominated regions, with the transition occurring at $(D=1)$. A detailed analysis of both light $(0.1\le m_{A^{\prime }}\le 10\mathrm{GeV})$ and heavy $(10\le m_{A^{\prime }}\le 100\mathrm{GeV})$ dark-photon scenarios shows that the exotic channel can substantially modify the expected dark-photon signatures, transforming otherwise long-lived or detector-stable states into experimentally accessible displaced multi-photon events. In addition, the ALP sector itself may exhibit long-lived particle behavior, leading to distinct displaced diphoton signatures. Our results show that mixed dark-photon-ALP portals offer a rich LLP phenomenology that can be explored at future high-luminosity lepton colliders such as the FCC-ee.

19 pages, 7 figures