On converse invariant trees of diameter four

Abstract

Let $D$ be an oriented graph, and let $f_T(D)$ denote the number of copies of $D$ in a tournament $T$. We say that $D$ is \emph{converse invariant} if $f_T(D)=f_T(\overline{D})$ for every tournament $T$, where $\overline{D}$ is obtained from $D$ by reversing all arcs. Ai, Gutin, Lei, Yeo, and Zhou introduced a digraph polynomial for studying this property and conjectured that an orientation of a tree of maximum degree at least $3$ is converse invariant if and only if it is self-converse or can be obtained recursively by bridge-mirroring from an orientation of a path. We disprove this conjecture. More precisely, we characterize converse-invariant orientations of trees of diameter four and exhibit non-self-converse examples that do not arise from the recursive bridge-mirroring construction. To prove the classification, we introduce a multilinear polynomial $P_D$ encoding the difference $f_T(D)-f_T(\overline{D})$ over all tournaments $T$, and we give a coefficient formula for $P_D$ as a signed sum over copies of subgraphs of the underlying graph of $D$. This polynomial method yields parity obstructions, gives new proofs that oriented paths and cycles are converse invariant, and provides the main tool for the diameter-four classification.

22 pages, 2 figures