Group Permanents of Abelian $p$-Groups and Young Diagrams

Abstract

We study the number $\Nu(\Per(G_λ))$ of distinct monomials with nonzero coefficients in the group permanent of an abelian $p$-group $G_{\lambda }$ associated with a partition $\lambda$ of a positive integer $N$. First, we derive an explicit formula for $\Nu(\Per(G_λ))$ in terms of the partial column sums of the Young diagram of $\lambda$. Next, we show that the relative order of the values $\Nu(\Per(G_λ))$ is determined by a lexicographic comparison of the conjugate Young diagrams. Finally, we investigate congruence properties of $\Nu(\Per(G_λ))$ for abelian $p$-groups and establish a criterion involving Wolstenholme primes.