XP-TEAL: Gaia XP Tool for Emission and Absorption Lines II. Gaia-HELIX catalogue of H$\alpha$ emitters in Gaia BP/RP spectra

Abstract

Context: With Gaia's third Data Release (DR3), low-resolution BP/RP (XP) spectra became available for more than 219 million sources. In previous work, we developed a fast method for detecting absorption and emission lines while measuring their equivalent widths directly from the XP spectral coefficients. Aims: We conduct a systematic search for H$\alpha$ emitters in the Gaia DR3 XP spectra. Methods: We measured the equivalent width of the Balmer H$\alpha$ line for all sources with Gaia XP spectra and selected an initial sample of 556100 sources depicting an H$\alpha$ emission-like feature at $2\sigma$ level or above. Using a semi-supervised classifier complemented by manual spectral labelling, we removed sources that merely masqueraded as emission-line stars. Results: We find that 95% of the initial candidates are most likely cool M-type stars, where a molecular absorption band gives rise to a local maximum that can mimic H$\alpha$ emission. Subsequently, 28394 sources were flagged as bona fide H$\alpha$ emitters using the Gaia DR3 XP spectra. The majority are Be-like candidates (26287), M-type emission-line stars (717), Herbig Ae/Be candidates (525), quasi-stellar objects (204), Wolf-Rayet stars (177), cataclysmic variables (51), and carbon stars (18), among other sources. Our equivalent widths and stellar classifications agree well with results from higher-resolution studies and recent Gaia XP spectra-based catalogues. Ground-based spectroscopic follow-up for some of the newly found H$\alpha$ emitters reinforces our confidence in the catalogue.

Accepted in A&A. Before archiving at the CDS completes, the catalogue is available at https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1NX7dYD7-_2Vmuv5zBS0_dujK2E5NYAjF?usp=sharing