Determining the Spin Density Matrix via Its Rank and Probing the Quantum Entanglement and Bell Non-Locality at the Lepton Colliders

Abstract

Considering two-fermion $F_a{F}_b$ productions and decays via one scalar or photon exchange at the $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ collider, we show that the rank $r_{\ddot{I}}$ of spin density matrix $\ddot{I}$ is equal to the number of degrees of freedom of the mediator. For one generic scalar exchange, the spin density matrix is rank one for a pure state. With rank-one condition, we can determine the spin analyzing powers for $F_a$ and $F_b$ and their product if the CP symmetry is violated and conserved, respectively, and probe the CP violation. These results can be applied to the $\hat{I}{\cdot }_c\to \hat{I}›\bar{\hat{I}}›$ at the BESIII experiment and the Higgs $\to \ddot{I}„\ddot{I}„$ at the LHC. For one photon exchange, the spin density matrix is rank two for a mixed state. Considering the $\hat{I}›\bar{\hat{I}}›$ productions and decays at the BESIII experiment as an example, we show that the spin analyzing powers for $F_a$ and $F_b$ can be determined by the rank-two conditions in details. Therefore, we can reconstruct the spin density matrices, probe the quantum entanglement and Bell non-locality, and evade the no-go theorem. Furthermore, we conjecture that the $N\times N$ spin density matrix with $r_{\ddot{I}}\le N-2$ can be reconstructed at the lepton colliders in general.

9 pages, 1 figure