Distance Stability for the Integral Hardy and Carleman Inequalities

Abstract

We study stability forms of two classical integral inequalities: Hardy's integral inequality and the integral Carleman inequality, also known as the Pólya--Knopp inequality. The sharp constants in these two inequalities are $(p^{\prime }{)}^p$ and $e$, respectively, but neither inequality has a non-trivial extremizer in its natural function space. Their formal extremal functions are $c{x}^{-1/p}$ and $c/x$, respectively. We first derive a deficit identity for Hardy's integral inequality. In particular, when $p=2$, the deficit is exactly a squared norm. We then prove a distance stability estimate for the integral Carleman inequality, whose remainder term directly measures a local weighted Hellinger-type distance from the family $\{c/x:c\ge 0\}$. Together these results illustrate the same stability phenomenon: although the classical integral inequalities have no genuine extremizers, their deficits still measure the deviation from the corresponding families of virtual extremals.