Dynamical tidal response of neutron stars via scattering amplitudes

Abstract

A key challenge of gravitational-wave physics is distinguishing the nature of compact objects in binary coalescences, in particular whether they are black holes or neutron stars. Neutron stars are set apart by a stronger tidal response, whose static and dynamical aspects are directly linked to their rich internal physics. Measurements of this response through gravitational-wave observations constrain the neutron-star equation of state and provide insight into the physics of high-density matter. However, defining the tidal response in general relativity is difficult due to coordinate ambiguities and the complexity of connecting the star's response to the binary dynamics and the associated waveforms. In this paper, we show how the dynamical tidal response of a neutron star can be systematically defined within the worldline effective field theory (EFT) framework, and relate it to the gauge-invariant amplitude for gravitational-wave scattering off an isolated star. We compute this amplitude both within the EFT, using standard quantum field-theory techniques, and within stellar perturbation theory (the corresponding ultraviolet theory), solving the coupled metric and matter perturbation equations numerically in the stellar interior and matching to the analytical Mano-Suzuki-Takasugi (MST) solutions in the vacuum exterior. Matching the amplitude between the two theories fixes the dynamical tidal response. The result is consistent with known expectations, including the static limit and the behaviour near the star's resonant modes, and it recovers the imaginary part of the dominant oscillation mode induced by gravitational-wave dissipation. We conclude with a discussion of potential improvements within both the EFT and perturbation theory.

18 pages, 10 figures, V3