Efficient Evaluation of Gravitational Lensing Amplification Factors: A Deep Learning Framework

Abstract

Wave optics is essential for analyzing lensed gravitational waves (GWs), yet evaluating the diffraction integral $F(\omega ,y)$ is computationally expensive. We present a Sinusoidal Representation Networks (SIRENs) framework for the dimensionless amplification factor, demonstrating its efficacy and generalization through Point Mass Lens (PML) and Singular Isothermal Sphere (SIS) test cases. Unlike standard architectures that suffer from spectral bias, the network's periodic activation functions structurally align with the integral's oscillatory kernel, effectively resolving high-frequency spectral features. The resulting estimator achieves $\mathcal{O}(10^{-3})$ relative accuracy and a $\sim 100\times$ speedup compared to direct numerical integration. By shifting the computational burden to offline training, our framework yields a stable $\mathcal{O}(1)$ inference complexity. This guarantees constant, sub-millisecond evaluation times even in the weak-lensing diffraction tail where traditional methods stagnate. Additionally, the dimensionless formulation ensures intrinsic scale invariance, enabling direct application across astrophysical regimes from stellar-mass lenses in the ground-based LVK band to supermassive black holes in the space-based LISA band.

19 pages, 17 figures

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