Hierarchical Interdiffusion Kinetics in Nanoscale Ni/Al Multilayers

Abstract

Reactive metallic multilayers store chemical energy that can be released rapidly through interdiffusion and intermetallic formation. Predictive control of this heat release requires distinguishing transport and phase-formation processes that occur in rapid succession. Here we combine free-standing nanoscale Ni/Al multilayers with chip-based flash calorimetry and isoconversional kinetic analysis over five orders of magnitude in heating rate. Selected reaction states are quenched and examined by scanning transmission electron microscopy. This workflow separates pre-ignition interdiffusion into two regimes and quantifies activation energies of (81 $\pm$ 24) and (168 $\pm$ 17) kJ/mol, consistent with grain-boundary and lattice diffusion of Ni in Al, respectively. Microscopy supports this assignment: no significant compositional changes are observed after the first regime, whereas the second increases the Ni content of the Al layers and produces Ni-enriched features spaced by 5$-$10 nm, matching the Al grain size. These results identify the Al grain-boundary network as the dominant low-barrier pathway, providing rapid transport across the Al layers and priming lattice-mediated mixing and intermetallic phase formation. More broadly, the workflow links calorimetric signatures to pathway-specific kinetics and transient microstructures, enabling direct assessment of how microstructural design redirects coupled transport and reaction pathways in reactive multilayers and other materials driven far from equilibrium.