Studies on photon-feedback and LaB photocathode for the GasPM development
arXiv:2605.23542
Abstract
We present new developments, based on beam tests and cosmic rays, on the gaseous photomultiplier (GasPM). The GasPM detects photons by combining a photocathode with a resistive-plate-chamber avalanche. It achieves (10) ps time resolution with affordable scalability. The GasPM provides precise and efficient Cherenkov-based charged-particle identification too when combined with a radiator. Our target application in a future Belle II upgrade aims at suppressing beam-induced background photons, which are typically detected off-collision time, that spoil the electromagnetic calorimeter performance. We reached 25 ps single-photon time-resolution at 3.3x10 gain in 2022, using a picosecond-pulse laser and a LaB photocathode. However, electrons entering through a MgF window upstream of a CsI photocathode showed a worsening to 70 ps in a 2023 test. Here we aim at addressing the chief causes of the observed degradation. We focus on ultraviolet-photon emission from the de-excitation of the gas molecules, which generates a secondary "photon-feedback" signal overlapping the primary one, and degrading time resolution. We conceive and operate an improved beam test that, along with multiple device-configuration changes, employes a new 10 GSPS frequency digitizer to separate the photon-feedback signal from the genuine signal. We also use cosmic-rays on a LaB photocathode, which has higher than CsI's resistance to air and to ions drifting backwards onto the photocathode, to explore its quantum efficiency.
IFAE2026 conference proceeding