Mono-Hydra++: Real-Time Monocular Scene Graph Construction with Multi-Task Learning for 3D Indoor Mapping

Abstract

Autonomous agile robots need more than metric geometry: they must understand objects, rooms, places, and spatial relations for search, inspection, exploration, and human-robot interaction. Conventional metric maps support localization and collision avoidance, but do not provide this semantic and relational structure. 3D scene graphs address this gap by connecting geometry with object-level and room-level understanding. Building such representations on agile platforms remains difficult because aerial and lightweight robots operate under strict payload, power, and compute limits, making RGB-D cameras and LiDAR sensors impractical for many onboard settings. We present Mono-Hydra++, a real-time monocular RGB plus IMU pipeline for indoor metric-semantic mapping and hierarchical 3D scene graph construction. The system combines M2H-MX, a DINOv3-based multi-task model for depth and semantics, with a deep-feature visual-inertial odometry front end, sparse predicted depth constraints in the VIO-derived pose graph, semantic masking for dynamic regions, and pose-aware temporal alignment before volumetric fusion in the Mono-Hydra backend. On the Go-SLAM ScanNet evaluation subset, Mono-Hydra++ achieves 1.6\% lower average trajectory error than the strongest RGB-D baseline in our comparison, while using only monocular RGB plus IMU input. On calibrated 7-Scenes, it improves average ATE by 29.8\% over the strongest competing calibrated baseline. We further validate Mono-Hydra++ in a real ITC building deployment using RealSense RGB plus IMU and demonstrate embedded feasibility by deploying the ONNX/TensorRT FP16 M2H-MX-L perception model at 25.53 FPS on a Jetson Orin NX 16GB. These results show that Mono-Hydra++ can provide real-time metric-semantic mapping and scene graph construction for resource-constrained robotic platforms without relying on active depth sensors.

arXiv commentSubmitted to ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 50 pages, figures and tables included. Code: https://github.com/BavanthaU/mono-hydra-pp.git