Coarse-grained local available potential energy

Abstract

The available potential energy (APE) of a fluid can be defined locally in space, providing useful insights into both the energetics and dynamics of stratified flows ranging from three-dimensional turbulence to planetary scale circulations. Here we develop a framework for considering the multi-scale evolution of the local APE using a spatial filtering, or coarse-graining, approach. A scale decomposition valid generally for filters with both horizontal and vertical support is proposed, and shown to admit a construction in terms of a series of band-passed energies. The physical interpretation of the decomposition is discussed, and evolution equations for the APE at scales larger, and smaller, than the filtering scale are derived --- including the cross-scale APE flux term. These results can be paired with existing frameworks for coarse-grained kinetic energy, offering the potential for examining a complete energy cycle that accounts for conversions between both spatial scales and energy reservoirs. An illustrative example of the application of this approach to a simulation of three-dimensional Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is provided, including an exact formulation of the scale-dependent instability energy budgets, and the distribution of terms such as cross-scale transfers and APE dissipation in physical space.

arXiv comment22 pages, 7 figures. v2: substantially revised and extended; corrects an error in the scale-decomposition under vertical filtering in v1 and supersedes it