The 2MIG isolated AGNs. 3. Optical--IR variability and dust reverberation in the NLSy1 galaxies Mrk~42 and Mrk~493

Abstract

This work presents the first dedicated optical--mid-infrared time-domain variability and dust-reverberation analysis of the isolated NLSy1 galaxies Mrk 42 and Mrk 493. We combine ZTF optical light curves, WISE mid-infrared monitoring, archival Swift and SDSS data, and high-cadence IAC80 optical observations. Using colour--magnitude relations, flux--flux analysis, and interpolated cross-correlation functions, we trace variable optical continuum and delayed dust response. Both galaxies show positive optical--MIR lags consistent with dust reverberation. For Mrk 493, we measure an observed-frame g--W1 lag of $\ddot{I}{„}_{\mathrm{obs}}=79.4\pm 2.2$ d, corresponding to $R_{\mathrm{dust}}(W1)\simeq 0.0648$ pc. For Mrk 42, the corresponding lag is $\ddot{I}{„}_{\mathrm{obs}}=39.1\pm 2.6$ d, giving $R_{\mathrm{dust}}(W1)\simeq 0.0320$ pc. These lags provide optical--MIR dust-reverberation radii and BLR--dust scale comparisons for both objects; the resulting $R_{\mathrm{dust}}/R_{\mathrm{BLR}}$ ratios are $\simeq 6.8$ for Mrk 493 and $\sim 6$--7 for Mrk 42. For Mrk 42, we derive the first host-subtracted AGN continuum luminosity at 5100 à from SDSS spectral decomposition, giving a self-consistent BLR--dust comparison on an AGN-only luminosity basis. Both galaxies have similar radial hierarchies but different colour behaviour: Mrk 493 shows significant optical and MIR bluer-when-brighter trends, whereas Mrk 42 shows strong optical but weak MIR colour variability. We also identify and analyse a major optical flare in Mrk 42 with four internal maxima spaced by 45--47 d. We interpret this signal as quasi-periodic substructure within a broader accretion-driven flare, rather than as a strictly coherent periodic process. These results indicate that, even in dynamically isolated environments, the variability of low-mass, high-accretion-rate AGNs is governed mainly by the intrinsic state of the accretion flow and its coupling to circumnuclear dust.

18 pages, 8 figures, submitted to MNRAS