Comparative Study of $f(T)$ Gravity Models with Observational Constraints from \textit{OHD} and \textit{Pantheon+ datasets}

Abstract

The late-time acceleration of the universe remains one of the most significant open problems in modern cosmology. Modified gravity frameworks such as $f(T)$ gravity provide a geometric alternative to dark energy by attributing cosmic acceleration to torsional effects. In this study, we present a comparative analysis of three different forms of $f(T)$ models: (i) a simple power-law form $f(T)=\eta (-T{)}^n$, (ii) the exponential form $f(T)=\beta T_0\left(1-e^{-p\sqrt{T/T_0}}\right)$ and (iii) a logarithmic form $f(T)=\gamma T\ln \left(\frac{T}{T_0}\right)$. Using parameterization of the deceleration parameter $q(z)$ and the corresponding $H(z)$ expression, we constrain the model parameters with the recent Hubble parameter and BAO data through a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach. The physical behavior of the effective energy density, equation of state parameter, squared sound speed, cosmological $Om(z)$ diagnostics, and energy conditions (NEC, DEC, SEC) were investigated for all three models. Our comparative analysis shows that all models asymptotically approach the $\Lambda$CDM behavior at late times, while they differ in stability properties and energy condition behaviors. In particular, the violation of the strong energy condition (SEC) has emerged as a common feature consistent with current accelerated expansion. This study highlights how different $f(T)$ functional forms can yield distinct cosmological dynamics while maintaining consistency with observational data.

19 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables

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