$2$-Selmer groups, $2$-class groups, and congruent numbers

Abstract

In this article, we study necessary conditions for certain square-free integers to be congruent numbers. Our method uses divisibility properties of class numbers of related imaginary quadratic fields. We first consider positive square-free integers of the form $n=p_1{p}_2\cdots p_{t}q,$ where each prime $p_i\equiv 5(\mathrm{mod}8)$ and $q\equiv 7(\mathrm{mod}8)$. We show that if such an integer $n$ is a congruent number, then the class number $h(-n)$ of the quadratic field $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-n})$ satisfies a specific divisibility condition. Furthermore, we provide quantitative lower bounds on the number of non-congruent numbers of this form. Next, we study integers of the form $n=p_1{p}_2\cdots p_{t}q,$ with $p_i\equiv 5(\mathrm{mod}8)$ and $q\equiv 3(\mathrm{mod}8)$. Assuming that $n$ is a congruent number, we obtain a congruence modulo powers of $2$ between the class numbers of the fields $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-n})$ and $\mathbb{Q}\left(\sqrt{-p_1{p}_2\cdots p_t}\right)$.

17 pages