Agentic-AI Detector Co-design and Optimization in Vertically-Integrated Differentiable Full Simulations

Abstract

We present the first implementation of AI agents into the design and optimization of detectors in high-energy physics experiments via a bi-level optimization framework that vertically integrates detector geometry, front-end digitization, and high-level reconstruction algorithm parameters in differentiable full simulations. Using the example of a dual-readout, segmented crystal EM calorimeter with a baseline resolution of $3\%/\sqrt{E}$, we investigate the capabilities and value propositions of AI agents in the identification and reduction of key detector parameters and in the nonlinear traversal of design space. We find that frontier LLM reasoning-models today, without being given additional experiment-specific context, are able to effectively execute complex workflows and proactively suggest generic but relevant avenues for further study or improvement. Here, we demonstrate an AI agent's ability to find an optimal design point amidst three competing performance criteria, showing that effective integration of agents into the complex workflows of frontier research areas can yield higher performance for key physics goals while reducing labor and compute. This study establishes the foundation for a future demonstration of the first fully AI-designed detector for future scientific facilities.

7 pages, 3 figures