Spontaneous Emission, Work Potential and Relaxation-Limited Processes in Setting Limits on Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

Abstract

Understanding the thermodynamics of radiation and the quantum-mechanical interactions between light and matter is important both for theoretical purposes and for technological advances, such as determining the limits of key processes like light-to-usable-energy conversion efficiencies. In this report, we discuss the physics of these two aspects, considering spontaneous emission as a pathway, and highlight the limitations of such descriptions in assessing energy-harvesting efficiency. In view of these limitations, we adopt a simplified approach to evaluate the exergy and work potential of radiation, providing a framework for assessing various aspects of light-to-usable-energy conversion efficiency. Our approach allows a theoretical estimate of the thermodynamic maximum limit for light-to-usable-energy conversion, which is approximately 76%. We validate these exergy and work potential estimates by modeling and accurately reproducing the Shockley-Queisser limit (~ 33.3%), which imposes a practical constraint on solar-to-usable-energy conversion efficiency. Beyond exergy considerations, our model incorporates processes such as spontaneous emission, nonradiative thermal losses, and photon upconversion, allowing us to evaluate their roles. The model further suggests that, under certain conditions, the maximum conversion efficiency can reach approximately 48%, for example with multijunction solar cells or via photon upconversion. These findings further suggest that the true thermodynamic limit for light-to-usable-energy conversion may be much higher (approximately 76%). However, accurately estimating this limit requires a more complete understanding of the thermodynamics of light, light-matter interactions, and the connection between them.