A quadratic form generalization of rational dinv

Abstract

We introduce a quadratic form $Q$ on the space of functions on the gap poset $G$ of the numerical semigroup $⟨a,b⟩$. We prove combinatorially that when evaluated on the indicator function of an upward closed subset $D$, this quadratic form precisely recovers the Gorsky--Mazin $\mathtt{dinv}$ statistic of $D$, viewed as a Young subdiagram of $G$. Furthermore, we prove Theorem~1.2 that when evaluated on a pair of subdiagrams of $G$, the symmetric bilinear form associated with $Q$ is equal to a novel cross-$\mathtt{dinv}$ statistic, which is nonnegative. Combining these, we prove the inequality \[ Q(\mathbf{n})\geq \dfrac{1}{|G|}\,\|\mathbf{n}\|_\infty^2\] if $\mathbf{n}$ is a real-valued decreasing function on $G$, showing an effective positive definiteness of $Q$ on the corresponding cone. Theorem~1.2, the main engine of the paper, was autoformalized in Lean/Mathlib by AxiomProver.

with an Appendix by Kenny Lau; 11 pages, 3 figures