A multiphysics deep energy method for fourth-order phase-field fracture with piezoresistive self-sensing

Abstract

Piezoresistive materials can act as self-sensing media because deformation and cracking modify their electrical resistance. This paper presents a fracture-informed multiphysics framework for phase-field fracture using the Deep Energy Method. Mechanical deformation and fracture are solved first, after which the converged strain and damage fields determine a passive electrical-conduction readout. The electrical field does not contribute to the fracture-driving energy, and a control calculation confirmed that removing the electrical contribution produced no observable change in the crack morphology or global mechanical response. The mechanics-fracture formulation combines small-strain elasticity, a spectral tension-compression split, history-field irreversibility, and a fourth-order AT2-type regularization. The subsequent steady-conduction problem employs a conductivity law that accounts for linearized piezoresistivity and crack-induced degradation. The implementation uses admissible neural trial functions, quadrature-based energy evaluation, warm-started load stepping, and a bounded phase-field variable. Component-level verification includes analytical conduction tests, a reference-aligned single-edge-notched tension benchmark, and a perforated tensile-plate example. The results show that substantial local damage does not necessarily cause an immediate global resistance increase; a pronounced signal emerges only when major current-carrying ligaments are disrupted. The framework thus provides a transparent forward model for interpreting resistance-based self-sensing in fractured piezoresistive materials.