Enhancing Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay Sensitivity of Liquid-Xenon Time Projection Chamber with Augmented Convolutional Neural Network

Abstract

Dual-phase time projection chamber (TPC) that employs a multi-ton-scale liquid xenon (LXe) target mass is a pioneering detector technology to search for dark matter. Beyond its advantage in dark matter direct detection efforts, the natural xenon target allows it to search for the neutrinoless double-beta decay ($0\hat{I}½{\hat{I}}^2{\hat{I}}^2$) process, which would violate lepton number conservation and indicate that neutrinos are Majorana particles. However, such $0\hat{I}½{\hat{I}}^2{\hat{I}}^2$ searches have been limited by gamma-ray backgrounds originating from the detector materials. In this work, we designed an augmented convolutional neural network (A-CNN) model to extract additional event-topology information from detector data. Using simulation and calibration data from XENONnT, a leading LXe TPC experiment, our model achieved over 60% background rejection while maintaining 90% signal acceptance. This rejection power improves XENONnT's projected sensitivity of the ${}^{136}$Xe $0\hat{I}½{\hat{I}}^2{\hat{I}}^2$ search by about 40%. The implementation of A-CNN in the data analysis of future liquid xenon observatories, such as XLZD, will further enhance their sensitivities for $0\hat{I}½{\hat{I}}^2{\hat{I}}^2$ with ${}^{136}$Xe.