Universal Pareto fronts and trade-off relations in multi-objective optimization of thermal machines

Abstract

The performance of thermal machines is characterized with several, often competing quantities, such as power, efficiency, energy waste, and resilience to environmental noise. We employ multi-objective optimization to find the best thermal machines operating in the irreversible linear-response regime. We derive exact analytical parameterizations for the optimal (Pareto) fronts associated with mean extracted power, efficiency, entropy production and the amplitude of power fluctuations. These optimal fronts set the quantitative fundamental limits for the performance of linear-response machines, which are achieved under tight coupling conditions (endoreversible machines). The geometry of the fronts is universal: two-, three-, and four-objective trade-offs follow analytical formulae that do not depend on the value of any physical parameter of the machine. Furthermore, we test our results with existing experimental data from different physical systems operating also beyond the linear regime, ranging from atomic to macroscopic scales, and including single-atom engines, colloidal systems, macroscopic engines and power plants.

arXiv comment6+6 pages, 5 figures (title updated)