Why ice is so slippery

Abstract

We simulate nanoscale ice--glass friction from first principles and upscale it by modeling frictional heating. Nanoscale simulations alone overestimate friction and miss its velocity dependence. With frictional heating, the contact warms toward the melting point, thickening the film tenfold and cutting its viscosity a hundredfold; friction drops with velocity, matching experiment. Premelting forms the film without sliding or heating, but its slipperiness hinges on frictional heating, as Bowden and Hughes proposed in 1939, without melting. Snow, other materials and coated surfaces remain open.