Structural and Optical Characteristics of $\beta -G{a}_2{O}_3$ Implanted with Rare Earth Ions

Abstract

We investigated the structural evolution and optical properties of $\beta -G{a}_2{O}_3$ crystals implanted with different rare-earth (RE) ions using channeling Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry, Positron Annihilation, Photoluminescence, and Photoluminescence Excitation spectroscopies. The studies reveal that implantation-induced disorder, accompanying phase transitions, and post-annealing structural recovery are largely insensitive to the implanted RE species. The defect microstructure is also found to be similar for all implanted RE ions. Thermal annealing does not completely remove radiation-induced defects but instead drives their rearrangement into larger defect complexes. Unimplanted (virgin) $\beta -G{a}_2{O}_3$ exhibits strong UV-visible emission attributed to oxygen vacancies, whereas the introduction of RE ions produces additional emission lines originating from electronic transitions within RE3+ ions. The results indicate that RE3+ ions are excited through the host conduction band, followed by non-radiative relaxation to the 4f excited states and radiative decay to the respective ground states. Fluence-dependent studies of Yb3+ reveal the onset of concentration quenching, while RE-related emission remains efficient even in the presence of substantial lattice disorder. These findings provide new insight into defect evolution in ion-implanted beta-Ga2O3 and clarify the excitation mechanisms of RE3+ ions, offering guidance for optimizing the optical performance of $\beta -G{a}_2{O}_3$:RE materials.

Funded by National Science Centre, Poland (Grant No. UMO-2022/45/B/ST5/02810). Conducted in part at HZDR (IBC, ELBE, Materials Dept.)