First Optical Observation of Negative Ion Drift at Surface Pressure

Abstract

We report the first observation of Negative Ion Drift (NID) at surface pressure of $900\pm 7$ mbar at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in a He:CF${}_4$:SF${}_6$ mixture using an optically read out Time Projection Chamber (TPC) within the CYGNO/INITIUM project. We present the first PMT waveform analysis in the NID regime, interpreting the temporal light pattern through a model that combines track geometry and charge transport. The inferred drift velocities correspond to mobilities of O(cm${}^2$ V${}^{-1}$ s${}^{-1}$), consistent with negative ion transport. The observed linear scaling of the time extension mean with drift distance reveals the presence of a faster minority charge carrier population in addition to the dominant SF${}_6^{-}$ species, drifting at a $\sim$25\% higher velocity under external inputs. These results demonstrate multi-species negative ion drift operation at surface pressure in a He:CF${}_4$:SF${}_6$ mixture and open a concrete path toward large scale, low diffusion optical TPCs for rare event searches.

6 pages, 3 figures + Supplemental Material (9 pages, 3 figures). Submitted to Physical Review Letters