Fingerprinting fractons with pump-probe spectroscopy

Abstract

We demonstrate how pump-probe techniques enable specific spectroscopic diagnostics of fracton phases of matter by studying lineon-planon braiding in the paradigmatic X-cube model. Our discussion builds on previous works probing anyonic exchange statistics in conventional spin liquids, but the extension to fracton phases reveals qualitatively new phenomena due to the restricted mobility of fractionalized excitations. A key feature is that nearby planons can form an emergent bound state by accessing different planes via alternative pairing configurations. We show that this bound state qualitatively modifies the long-time linear and nonlinear responses, leading to an asymptotic linear-in-$t$ behavior for the pump-probe signal ${\chi }_{ZZX}$. By contrast, swapping the pump and probe polarizations produces a nonlinear response ${\chi }_{XXZ}$ that is asymptotically $t$-independent. This asymmetry reflects the fact that the two species of fractionalized excitations live in different spatial dimensions. Thus, the pump-probe signals studied here are sensitive to (i) nontrivial braiding statistics in three dimensions, (ii) the existence of bound states among fractionalized excitations, and (iii) the one-dimensional mobility of lineons. Our results therefore provide spectroscopic signatures that distinguish fracton phases from conventional topologically ordered spin liquids.