SEALing the Gap: A Reference Framework for LLM Inference Carbon Estimation via Multi-Benchmark Driven Embodiment

Abstract

Large Language Models are rapidly gaining traction in software engineering, yet their growing carbon footprint raises pressing sustainability concerns. While training emissions are substantial, inference quickly surpasses them due to the sheer volume of prompts processed. This shift underscores the urgent need for accurate, prompt-level carbon measurement during inference to enable informed, sustainability-focused decision-making. To address the limitations of existing approaches, in this paper, we outline the guiding principles for a novel reference framework for LLM inference carbon estimation that can guide the design of future tools and provide a systematic foundation for advancing sustainability research in this domain. We also introduce SEAL, an early embodiment of these principles that leverages a multi-benchmark-driven approach for per-prompt carbon estimation. Its initial validation shows promising results, positioning SEAL as a foundation for standardized sustainability assessment across the LLM ecosystem.

5 pages. To be published in the proceedings of 48th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE '26), April 12-18, 2026, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (New Ideas and Emerging Results Track)