A theoretical model for quantifying the imprinting sensitivity of direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions

Abstract

To quantify the sensitivity of diverse implosion designs to laser imprinting, we developed an equivalent perturbation model that maps laser imprinting as the initial target surface perturbation. By incorporating imperfections in target fabrication and thermal smoothing in the plasma, the model shows a reduced implosion sensitivity to laser imprinting, extending the analysis beyond geometric irradiation. The imprinting sensitivity threshold is defined as $\frac{\delta h_{\text{proxy}}}{\delta h_{\text{tar}}(0)}=0.1$, where $\delta h_{\text{proxy}}$ is the imprinting amplitude and $\delta h_{\text{tar}}(0)$ is the initial target perturbation amplitude. Radiation-hydrodynamics simulations confirm that when $\frac{\delta h_{\text{proxy}}}{\delta h_{\text{tar}(0)}}\le 0.1$, variations in nonlinear onset time and adiabat remain within 12\% of that with $\delta h_{\text{tar}}(0)$ alone. Moreover, the imprinting sensitivity is supported by OMEGA experiments. Overall, for linear perturbations of medium-to-high modes in direct-drive, the model enhances our physical understanding of how laser and target perturbations evolve and serves as a simplified tool to optimize implosion performance.