ML-ECS: Heterogeneity-Aware Collaborative Multimodal Learning for Edge-Cloud Synergies

Abstract

Edge-cloud synergies provide a promising paradigm for privacy-preserving deployment of foundation models in heterogeneous web environments, enabling lightweight edge models to support domain-specific multimodal we b services while cloud-hosted models facilitate collaborative knowledge sharing. However, in practical edge-cloud web environments, collaborative multimodal learning is challenged by modality heterogeneity (different modality combinations across domains) and model-structure heterogeneity (different modality-specific encoders/fusion modules). To address these issues, we propose ML-ECS, a collaborative multimodal learning framework that enables joint training between a server-based model and heterogeneous edge models. This framework consists of four components: (1) cross-modal contrastive learning (CCL) to align modality representations in a shared latent space, (2) adaptive multimodal tuning (AMT) to preserve domain-specific knowledge from local datasets, (3) modality-aware aggregation (MAA) to robustly aggregate while mitigating noise caused by missing modalities, and (4) SLM-enhanced CCL (SE-CCL) to facilitate bidirectional knowledge transfer between cloud and edge. Experimental results on various multimodal tasks show that ML-ECS consistently outperform state-of-the-art baselines under varying modality availability, achieving improvements of 1.55% to 16.75% in Rouge-LSum and improving both client- and server-side performance. In addition, by communicating only low-rank LoRA parameters and fused representations, ML-ECS achieves high communication efficiency, requiring only 0.71% of the total parameter volume.