Computational discovery of cathode materials for rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Abstract

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (RAZIBs) attract major interest for deployment in grid-scale energy storage due to higher safety and lower cost when compared to lithium-ion batteries. However, currently studied cathode materials suffer from capacity fade when cycling at rates appropriate for grid-scale applications ($<$ C/2). To address the present limitation on cathode material availability, more than 2000 previously synthesized oxides, chalcogenides, Prussian blue analogues, and polyanion materials were computationally screened for the discovery of highly stable RAZIB cathode materials. The structural, electrochemical, and chemical properties of the materials were respectively evaluated through an investigation of the available Zn${}^{2+}$ percolation paths, the stability of the material in aqueous media under RAZIB operation conditions, and the attained transition metal oxidation state during cycling. The transition metal oxidation state and intercalating ion coordination environment were determined to govern the magnitude of the calculated Zn${}^{2+}$ intercalation potential, with this finding guiding the development of batteries with high operating voltages. Additionally, the bonding character of Fe-O bonds was contrasted between olivine-FePO${}_4$ and $\alpha$-FePO${}_4$. The latter was successfully synthesized but was found to be electrochemically inactive as a cathode for RAZIBs. Finally, three previously synthesized materials, but unexplored as cathodes for RAZIBs (CaFe${}_5$P${}_5$O${}_{22}$, RbV(PO${}_4$)${}_2$, and Mo${}_2$P${}_2$O${}_{11}$), were identified to have high Zn${}^{2+}$ intercalation potential, electrochemical stability, theoretical gravimetric capacity, and energy density, and are proposed here for further experimental testing. Overall, the materials identified in this study present a guide for the experimental development of stable next-generation cathode materials for RAZIBs.

arXiv comment52 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables and supporting information