Numerical Insights into Disk Accretion, Eccentricity, and Kinematics in the Class 0 phase

Abstract

The formation and early evolution of protoplanetary disks are governed by a wide variety of physical processes during a gravitational collapse. Observations have begun probing disks in their earliest stages, and have favored the magnetically-regulated disk formation scenario. Disks are also expected to exhibit ellipsoidal morphologies in the early phases, an aspect that has been widely overlooked. We aim to describe the birth and evolution of the disk while accounting for the eccentric motions of fluid parcels. Using 3D radiative magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations with ambipolar diffusion, we self-consistently model the collapse of isolated $1{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ and $3{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ cores to form a central protostar surrounded by a disk. We account for dust dynamics, and employ gas tracer particles to follow the thermodynamical history of fluid parcels. We find that magnetic fields and turbulence drive highly anisotropic accretion onto the disk via dense streamers. This streamer-fed accretion, occurring from the vertical and radial directions, drives vigorous internal turbulence that facilitates efficient angular momentum transport and rapid radial spreading. Crucially, the anisotropic inflow delivers material with an angular momentum deficit that continuously generates and sustains significant disk eccentricity ($e\sim 0.1$). Our results reveal ubiquitous eccentric kinematics in Class 0 disks, with direct implications for disk evolution, planetesimal formation, and the interpretation of cosmochemical signatures in Solar System meteorites.

16 pages, 21 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A on 12/01/2025

References in corpus (71)

• Cosmological Hydrodynamics with Adaptive Mesh Refinement: a new high resolution code called RAMSES
• From filamentary clouds to prestellar cores to the stellar IMF: Initial highlights from the Herschel Gould Belt survey
• A High Order Godunov Scheme with Constrained Transport and Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Astrophysical MHD
• On the Dynamical Foundations of Alpha Disks
• RAMSES-RT: Radiation hydrodynamics in the cosmological context
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. A Statistical Characterization of Class 0 and I Protostellar Disks
• Accretion-Driven Turbulence as Universal Process: Galaxies, Molecular Clouds, and Protostellar Disks
• Planetesimal formation near the snowline: in or out?
• The Exoplanet Population Observation Simulator. I - The Inner Edges of Planetary Systems
• Why do protoplanetary disks appear not massive enough to form the known exoplanet population?
• An Increase in the Mass of Planetary Systems around Lower-Mass Stars
• Bifurcation of planetary building blocks during Solar System formation
• A scheme for radiation pressure and photon diffusion with the M1 closure in RAMSES-RT
• Characterizing young protostellar disks with the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey: large Class 0 disks are rare
• A protostellar system fed by a streamer of 10,500 au length
• Can non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics solve the magnetic braking catastrophe?
• Radiation hydrodynamics with Adaptive Mesh Refinement and application to prestellar core collapse. I Methods
• Towards a more realistic sink particle algorithm for the RAMSES code
• Effects of Ohmic and ambipolar diffusion on the formation and evolution of the first cores, protostars and circumstellar discs
• Contemporary formation of early solar system planetesimals at two distinct radial locations
• Conditions for Circumstellar Disk Formation: Effects of Initial Conditions and Sink Treatment
• Non-linear fluid dynamics of eccentric discs
• Kinematic Dynamos using Constrained Transport with High Order Godunov Schemes and Adaptive Mesh Refinement
• Magnetically self-regulated formation of early protoplanetary discs
• The Mass Budget of Planet Forming Discs: Isolating the Epoch of Planetesimal Formation
• Disk Formation in Magnetized Clouds Enabled by the Hall Effect
• Protostellar birth with ambipolar and ohmic diffusion
• Streaming Instability for Particle-Size Distributions
• Anisotropic Infall and Substructure formation in Embedded Disks
• The dynamics of eccentric accretion discs in superhump systems
• What determines the formation and characteristics of protoplanetary discs?
• Have proto-planetary discs formed planets?
• Incorporating Ambipolar and Ohmic Diffusion in the AMR MHD code RAMSES
• A fast, robust, and simple implicit method for adaptive time-stepping on adaptive mesh-refinement grids
• Spiral-driven accretion in protoplanetary discs - I. 2D models
• Making the Planetary Material Diversity During the Early Assembling of the Solar System
• The determination of protoplanetary disk masses
• The First Two Thousand Years of Star Formation
• Prompt planetesimal formation beyond the snow line
• Collapse of turbulent massive cores with ambipolar diffusion and hybrid radiative transfer I. Accretion and multiplicity
• Local and global dynamics of eccentric astrophysical discs
• Formation and evolution of protostellar accretion discs. II. From 3D simulation to a simple semi-analytic model of Class 0/I discs
• What is the role of stellar radiative feedback in setting the stellar mass spectrum?
• Small dust grain dynamics on adaptive mesh-refinement grids. I. Methods
• Gravitoviscous protoplanetary disks with a dust component. I. The importance of the inner sub-au region
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) III: A first high-resolution view of sub-mm continuum and molecular line emission toward the Class 0 protostar L1527 IRS
• Non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics vs turbulence I: Which is the dominant process in protostellar disc formation?
• Spiral-driven accretion in protoplanetary discs - III tri-dimensional simulations
• Formation and evolution of a protoplanetary disk: combining observations, simulations and cosmochemical constraints
• On the origin of magnetic fields in stars
• The young protostellar disk in IRAS16293-2422 B is hot and shows signatures of gravitational instability
• Collapse of turbulent massive cores with ambipolar diffusion and hybrid radiative transfer II. Outflows
• Non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics vs turbulence II: Which is the dominant process in stellar core formation?
• Impact of the Hall effect in star formation : improving the angular momentum conservation
• Astronomical Evidence for the Rapid Growth of Millimeter Sized Particles in Protoplanetary Disks
• An inflationary disk phase to explain extended protoplanetary dust disks
• Spiral-driven accretion in protoplanetary discs - II Self-similar solutions
• Mixing is easy: New insights for cosmochemical evolution from pre-stellar core collapse
• Accuracy of ALMA estimates of young disk radii and masses. Predicted observations from numerical simulations
• The Formation of Protoplanetary Disks through Pre-Main Sequence Bondi-Hoyle Accretion
• Dynamics of dust grains in turbulent molecular clouds. Conditions for decoupling and limits of different numerical implementations
• Impact of turbulence intensity and fragmentation velocity on dust particle size evolution and non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics effects
• Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks
• Massive Prestellar Cores in Radiation-magneto-turbulent Simulations of Molecular Clouds
• There is no disk mass budget problem of planet formation
• Dust evolution during the protostellar collapse: influence on the coupling between the neutral gas and the magnetic field
• Dynamics of Dusty Vortices II: Stability of 2D dust laden vortices
• Discs are born eccentric
• Birth of magnetized low-mass protostars and circumstellar disks
• A new multifluid method for dusty astrophysical flows. Application to turbulent protostellar collapses
• Protostellar disc structure and dynamics during star formation from cloud-scale initial conditions