Bilinear tau forms of quantum Painlevé equations and ${\mathbb{C}}^2/{\mathbb{Z}}_2$ blowup relations in SUSY gauge theories

Abstract

We derive bilinear tau forms of the canonically quantized Painlevé equations, thereby relating them to those previously obtained from the ${\mathbb{C}}^2/{\mathbb{Z}}_2$ blowup relations for the $\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetric gauge theory partition functions on a general $\Omega$-background. We fully fix the refined Painlevé/gauge theory dictionary by formulating the proper equations for the quantum nonautonomous Painlevé Hamiltonians. We also describe the quantum Painlevé symmetries at the level of tau functions and, as a byproduct of this analysis, obtain several ${\mathbb{C}}^2/{\mathbb{Z}}_2$ blowup relations including those in nontrivial holonomy sectors of the gauge theory.

53 pages, expanded Sec. 5.3 in v2