Quasi-harmonic spectra from branched Hamiltonians

Abstract

We revisit the canonical quantization to assess the spectrum of the modified Emden equation $\ddot{x}+kx\dot{x}+{\omega }^{2}x+\frac{k^2}{9}{x}^3=0$, which is an isochronous case of the Liénard-Kukles equation. While its classical isochronicity and canonical quantization, leading to polynomial solutions with an exactly-equispaced spectrum have been discussed earlier, including in the recent paper [Int. J. Theor. Phys. 64, 212 (2025)], the present study focuses on the quantization of its branched Hamiltonians. For small $k$, we show numerically that the resulting energy spectrum is no longer perfectly harmonic but only approximately equispaced, exhibiting quasi-harmonic behavior characterized by deviations from uniform spacing. Our numerical results are precisely validated by analytical calculations based on perturbation theory.

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