Hyperfine spectroscopy of optical-cycling transitions in singly ionized thulium

Abstract

We present a spectroscopic investigation of ${}^{169}{\mathrm{Tm}}^{+}$ that provides two key foundations for its use as a platform for advanced quantum applications. First, we establish the complete spectroscopic road map for optical cycling (including laser cooling) by performing high-resolution spectroscopy on ${}^{169}{\mathrm{Tm}}^{+}$ ions in an ion trap. We characterize the primary $313\mathrm{nm}$ and complementary $448/453\mathrm{nm}$ cycling transitions, identify the essential near-infrared repumping frequencies, and determine the magnetic-dipole hyperfine $A$ constants for all relevant levels. Second, we report a detailed characterization of a metastable state as a candidate for hosting a robust qubit, performing lifetime measurements and Zeeman-resolved microwave hyperfine spectroscopy with $\mathrm{kHz}$ precision.

Published in Scientific Reports, 11 pages, 5 figures, 1 table

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